The Struggle for Identity and Commoditization in Society in Taxi Driver - Literature Essay Samples

In his analysis of Taxi Driver as a revisionist western, Robert Ray places Taxi Drivers protagonist Travis Bickle squarely in the mould of the solitary heroes of the western genre. He notes the unspecified origins of Travis as well as the characters initial disinterest in getting involved with what he considers the venality and decay of New York City (352). Perhaps also like these western heroes, Travis is directionless in his life. In addition to fighting his profound loneliness and his apparent psychosis, Travis struggles to find and maintain a real identity in an environment which is increasingly problematic for him. Under the backdrop of the commoditization of people, politics, and sexuality in 1970s America, Travis strives for self-actualization and to carve an identity out for himself distinct from his profession.At the outset of the film, Travis is introduced as an unemployed newcomer to New York applying to be a taxi driver. He exhibits a certain amount of detachment in the i nterview for this job. When asked, point-blank, why he wants to become a driver, he merely replies, I cant sleep nights and, later, I ride around nights mostly. Subways, buses. Figured, you know, if Im gonna do that, I might as well get paid for it.Travis dispassion in applying for the titular position of the film is compounded by the lack of clearly-defined goals in his life. Montages in the first act show Travis seemingly wandering New York at night in his taxicab, staring expressionlessly at people on the street. Travis moral intentions are equally uncertain. He virulently rails against the whores, skunk pussies, buggers, queens, fairies, dopers, junkies of New York, yet he also regularly patronizes porno theaters. In one early scene, Travis, in a voice-over, reveals his lack of direction: All my life needed was a sense of someplace to go. I dont believe that one should devote his life to morbid self-attention, I believe someone should become a person like other people. Later in the film, Travis ties to explain his feelings to his coworker Wizard: I just want to go out and, and, you know, like, really, really, really do something I just want to go out and really, you know, I really wanna I got some bad ideas in my head.Travis attitudes and behavior represent more than just the loneliness or the psychosis which partially define his character. Instead they are symptomatic of a broader yearning for identity and purpose in society. Travis slim backstory he served in the Marines in Vietnam reinforces this interpretation. Many veterans returning from Vietnam in the 1970s struggled to integrate into a both society which viewed their efforts negatively and a nation which was engulfed in economic crises, political instability, and social upheaval. Traumatized by their experiences in war, post-traumatic stress disorder was another major stumbling block for many young men in building post-war lives.While Travis does not seem to take any special interest in being a t axi driver at any point in the film, he is ultimately tied closely to his job. The relationship between ones work and ones identity is bluntly stated by Wizard in his monologue as he lectures an advice-seeking Travis:Look at it this way. A man takes a job, you know? And that job I mean, like that That becomes what he is. You know, like You do a thing and thats what you are. Like Ive been a cabbie for thirteen years. Ten years at night. I still dont own my own cab. You know why? Because I dont want to. That must be what I want. To be on the night shift drivin somebody elses cab. You understand? I mean, you become You get a job, you become the job. One guy lives in Brooklyn. One guy lives in Sutton Place. You got a lawyer. Another guys a doctor. Another guy dies. Another guy gets well. People are born, yknow? I envy you, your youth. Go on, get laid, get drunk. Do anything. You got no choice, anyway. I mean, were all fucked. More or less, ya know. [emphasis added]Travis dismisses W izards ideas, saying I dont know. Thats about the dumbest thing I ever heard. Yet Travis is indeed ultimately characterized by his job as a taxi driver. At the end of the film, a series of newspaper headlines refer to Travis as a Taxi Driver or Cabbie and erroneously (particularly in Robert Rays estimation) appraise him as a hero during the films surreal coda. The characters and events of the film are seemingly reduced to a very shallow and inaccurate urban fable hero taxi driver kills Mafia members and saves child hooker the particulars of which (e.g., Travis first assassination attempt) are glossed over in favor of an improbable happy ending featuring various one-dimensional characters plucked from the street.There is, then, a metonymic relationship established in the film between a person and his profession. Furthermore, some of these relationships are arguably more sinister and damaging than the relationship between Travis and taxi driving. The commoditization of people from a child prostitute to a United States Senator is key latent theme throughout the film.The character of Senator Palantine is presented as a rather uninspiring presidential hopeful offering a vague message of change and unconvincing platitudes about empowerment as embodied by his campaign slogan, We Are The People. Robert Ray calls Palantine another in the long line of good-hearted community men shown by the western to be too weak to deal with the real problems (353). Within the film, Palantine is mostly a virtual presence, represented largely by his campaign staff and his posters which appear sporadically in the background of various scenes. The audience only actually meets Palantine in a candid setting once: when the Senator, by pure happenstance, appears in Travis cab. In this scene, Travis encourages Palantine to flush the filth and scum of New York down the fuckin toilet. To this Palantine can only meekly respond, Well, I think I know what you mean, Travis. But its not going to be easy. Palantine only appears two other times: via a TV interview and on stage at the rally towards the films end at which Travis makes his assassination attempt.Palantine is depicted as being packaged for mass consumption by his media-savvy campaign employees. Even Palantines name a portmanteau of pal and Valentine is evocative of this branding of politicians. (His opponent, whose name appears on a poster but is unseen in the film, has the pleasant moniker of Goodwin.) The films views of Palantines downtown campaign office partially depict the internal mechanism of this marketing. In one scene, Tom encourages his colleague Betsy to emphasize the mandatory welfare program in the Senators platform. This exchange follows:Betsy: First push the man, then the issue. Senator Palantine is first of all a dynamic man, an intelligent, interesting, fresh, fascinating Tom: You forgot sexy.Betsy: man. No, I did not forget sexy.Tom: Listen to what youre saying. You sound like youre selling mouthwash.Betsy: We are selling mouthwash. [emphasis added]The original version of this scene as written in Paul Schraders original screenplay includes a longer rumination on the marketing of people in politics and media. Betsy rhetorically asks Tom why CBS News has the highest ratings, explaining:You want to know why CBS has the highest ratings? You [think] their news is any different from NBC, ABC? Its all the same news. Same stories. Same order usually. What, you thought they had good news for people, right? You thought thats why people watched CBS? Ill tell you why people watch CBS. Cronkite. The man. You got it? Not the news, not the issues, the man. If Walter Cronkite told people to eat soap, theyd do it. We are selling cars, goddamn it (15). [emphasis added]This depiction of Palantine as an empty suit cynically marketed like mouthwash by his campaign staff composes the political backdrop of the film, where the commoditization of politics through mass media is a critical part of the environment of 1976 New York. The reduction of Palantine to a commodity whose vaguely-defined personal characteristics take precedent over his issue positions is apparent in Travis relationship to the candidate. Travis, when offering to volunteer for Palantine in order to meet Betsy, is asked how he feels about the Palantines position on welfare; Travis replies: I dont really know the Senators stand on welfare, but Im sure its a good stand. Even after Betsy breaks things off with Travis, Travis retains an inexplicable fascination with the candidate. His obsession is expressed visually through the walls of his small apartment shown coated with Palantine posters and newspaper clippings about the candidate, as if the Senator were Travis favorite band. Notably, Travis interest appears to lack any kind of depth of comprehension of Palantines agenda. In the realm of Travis mind, Palantine is thus reduced to an object of irrational fetishism.Sexual commoditization is another import ant theme in the film. Iris is a teenage runaway and child prostitute under the aegis of her panderer Matthew, whom she calls Sport. She is literally held in sexual bondage by her pimp; the audience meets Iris in the midst of an impulsive escape attempt, which ends with Matthew violently removing her from the back seat of Travis cab and tipping Travis $20 for his trouble. Later, when Travis tries to rescue her, Iris insists that shes not being treated poorly by Matthew and tells Travis that she mustve been stoned during her escape attempt. Later still, in a scene peculiar for its absence of Travis, Iris and Matthew dance very tenderly with each other as he whispers soothing assurances of love to her; she seems genuinely mollified by him.As a drug-addicted child prostitute, Iris is extremely powerless, and her clingy subordination to Matthew is thus unsurprising; she herself admits that, When Im not stoned, I got no place else to go. They just protect me from myself. She is essential ly held as a slave, and her rationalization of this her belief that she is still in control of her own destiny and can leave at any time, yet simply chooses not to is nothing short of an outgrowth of her desperation caused by her dependence upon Matthew to survive. Iris, acting much the same way as hostages and women trapped in abusive relationships do, has bonded with her exploiter and captor to the point where she appears to actually love him.Being a child prostitute, Iris sexuality is effectively commoditized to the extent that it destroys her personality. Iris markets herself in flamboyant costumes, described as floppy, Janis Joplin clothes in the script (59). Additionally, Matthews act of giving Travis a 20 dollar bill represents a payment for Iris herself. The effects of this are so severe that Iris refuses to even acknowledge her own real name, preferring instead to go by the deprecating sobriquet Easy. Ironically, Iris has an obsession with eyewear and often wears sunglass es, even at night, that obscure her own eyes, which appear hollowed from drug abuse. It is no coincidence that the people Travis ultimately perseveres to kill Senator Palantine and the men who pimp Iris share responsibility for the very commoditization of people, politics, and sexuality in the film. Is this what Travis refers to when he rambles about the scum, the cunts, the dogs, the filth, the shit? Are both Palantine and Matthew equal purveyors of social decay? In many ways, Travis identity crisis mirrors the identity crisis which faced the U.S. in the middle of the 1970s. Like Travis, the American people were traumatized by the Vietnam War. Moreover, the nation was disenchanted with politics by the improprieties of the Nixon administration, and the growing pornographic industry especially as depicted in the film forced society to question the impact of mass media sexuality. Works CitedRay, Robert. A Certain Tendency of the Hollywood Cinema, 1930-1980. Princeton, NJ: Princeto n University Press, 1985.Schrader, Paul. Taxi Driver. Reproduced at Taxi Driver Script at IMSDb. The Internet Movie Script Database. Accessed 13 May 2008 .

VIOLENT PROGRAMS ON TELEVISION LEAD TO AGGRESSIVE...

Since 1982, the National Institute of Mental Health, along with other reputable health organizations has collected data that connects media violence, with violent acts. Conclusions deduced from this data prove that violent programs on television lead to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch those programs. Television violence affects young people of all ages, all socio-economic levels, and all levels of intelligence. Today’s children view vast amounts of violence on television. A steady diet of death, killings, torture, and other grotesque acts may be viewed on any day by vulnerable youth. When children are young, they are impressionable to all their surroundings, and especially vulnerable to what they see. Scientific†¦show more content†¦This association has been easy to support and is substantiated in every major scientific report released in the last twenty years. It has become general knowledge to professional counselors and educators that excessive and unsupervised exposure to television violence increases the use of violence to resolve conflict, while it desensitizes these youth to acts of violence. This exposure to violence in the media makes viewers less critical of real life violence. Since the media often represents violence as â€Å"happy violence† devoid of pain, suffering, and consequences, they are not providing the audience with an accurate or realistic portr ayal of violence. Many studies have also confirmed a cumulative effect of exposure to violence as researchers have traced patterns from childhood exposure to adult social behavior. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence was in charge of investigating these issues and making recommendations to the President. The media’s task force report was titled, â€Å"Violence and the Media.† Conclusions drawn from this report show that real violence was caused in part by the desire of action groups for media attention; and that violence in society could be reduced if the news gave groups the ability to enhance their communication. A particular focus of the study was the

The Effects Of Inclusion On The Class Room - 2186 Words

SUCCESS IN THE CLASS ROOM WILLIAM WRIGHT GRANTHAM UNIVERSITY Abstract The purpose of this research is to show the effects of inclusion in the class room. It will also show why there are different opinions weather inclusion is a positive thing or a negative thing. Additionally the study will show if different levels of inclusion help students with disabilities with general education classes, it will also touch on whether the attitudes of the student and or the teachers are affected for those who have inclusion as a part of the programs that are offered. Studies have shown that teachers have created documents to assess inclusion in the class room. There are lists of question to help schools, teachers and other educators have developed to measure the effects of inclusion in the class room. Other types of research have been done to measure the attitudes of kids that participate in extra-curricular activities. 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Strengths and Weaknesses of the Enterprise Bargaining Process

Question: What Is The Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Enterprise Bargaining Process? Answer: Introduction Fair Work Commission (FWC) previously known as Fair Work Australia (FWA), is a tribunal for the Australian Industrial relations formed by the Fair Work Act 2009, being a profit of the Government of Rudd reforms in the Australian industrial relations (Baird, 2009, p. 3). This paper will answer the question on the role of Fair Work Commission in the making and approving of industrial agreements. FWC roles and functions are setting and changing the industries awards, fixation and regulation of the minimum wage, resolving industrial conflicts and disputes, approving of enterprise agreement and bargaining, handling unfair dismissal claims, employment termination among others (Cooper, R, Ellem B 2009, p 284-305). The Fair Work Act attempts to create a better national industrial system in the state, the states has the choice of forwarding complains to the Commonwealth, in case this happens all states employees are under cover of the FWC. Since its inception all of the Australian states with exception of the Western Australian refer their powers to Commonwealth(Cooper, 2009, pp. 284-305). Resignation of Vice-President Graeme Watson A report by Anna Pattyon February 27, 2017 shows that the Vice President of FWC (Graeme Watson), issued a resignation letter on January by declaring the commission as dysfunctional and divided. Mr. Watson was the last remaining appointee in the coalition serving a higher role in the commission and functioning in favor of the commission. He gave out his intention a day before his resignation effective date.He accused the commissions of being a danger zone for the businesses, claiming that the body is undermining its legislation. Writing to the employment Minister Michaela Cash he quoted that the business community which is intended to be protected by the commission cannot rust it any longer, referring to it as partisan, dysfunctional, and divided body. Graeme resignation and sidelining by the commissions president Bill Shorten reflects the poor state of leadership in the commission, and on the presidents failure to pack the commission on worthy and meritiocrityappointments. His resignation led to calls to overhaul the entire tribunal from the business community by addressing the partisan, divided and dysfunctional state of the commission. Enterprise Bargaining on the Blink According to(Westacott, 2017), when a highly ranked person in the commission like Watson resigns and out rightly declares that something is really wrong within the commission the body has to stand and say that something is really wrong. Due to the changes taking place in the businessand the digitalization of most processes, changing life habits of the Australian families has greatly led to reshaping of the workplaces, business systems should change with these changes. Enterprise bargaining has led to changes and cracks in the Australian workplaces relation system leading to disempowering of workers and employers. Enterprise bargaining was incepted in 1990 by Hawke and Keating governments and has since then served as a strong foundation of workplace relations. The main reason for the introduction of enterprise bargaining was to help in wage regulation and setting up working conditions that are favorable to both the employers and the employees and not deny employees their collective bargaining benefits. Its about the employers, employees and their representativesinterest fulfillment achieved when the bodies sit down and comeup with a collective decision regarding a current situation the organization. Regardless of the immense efforts of enterprise bargaining it is still faces risks of becoming unworkable for the employers and for the employees employed under it (40%). This is because the bodys functions has been extended far much past the wages and working conditions. Currently most of the systems has incorporated managerial decisions like hiring and organizational design among others. This means that different clauses have to be included into the system from time to time, as reported by the vice-president Graeme Watson in his resignation letter, protection action of employers as well as employees is therefore threatened. The agreements which have already been signed by employers under good faiths are as well at risk of being altered. Coles decision clearly demonstrates this in that over 90% of employees voted in favor of making the wage agreement but they were denied the wages and conditions and given into hands of the tribunal. The Better off Overall Test current changes and co nstructions are making the process of collective agreement making cumbersome, challenging and risky with large enterprises(Taylor, 2009). The trend must be addressed failure to which the businesses will have to shift to regulated awards systems , the challenge being in the complex and unclear state of the awards, most of them are also outdated. Use of awards will subject businesses and workers in a worse, workers on enterprise agreements on average earn more than those on award system. The report states that Australia needs to do something on the current situation to ensure that the enterprise agreement is in line with the global competitive pressures, sensible changes that can be implemented needs to be considered, for example the Better Off Overall Test should be made more predictable and more transparent to all employees and employers(Fact Sheet, 2013). Enterprise bargaining system should be modernized. The parliament demonstrated that it can work together and make necessary workplace relations laws that can help improve the Australias competitive ability, by passing the laws to re-establish the Australian Building and Construction Commission at the end of 2016. Members of parliament who have interest to raise the economic prosperity in 2017, through better job creation and better wages for the communities they serve should respond to the signs of threats towards enterprise bargaining and support all possible solutions. Collective Agreements unlike awards apply only to employees of a single employer but not to all employers of the entire industry. In making of an enterprise agreement the members must first endorse the proposed enterprise bargaining between themselves, if it involves the employees the matter is subjected to voting. After which the Fair Work Commission approves it as per the Fair Work Act 2009, after which the agreement qualifies to be an enterprise agreement and aligned with the Fair Work Australia assess its entitlement in comparison to the awards (Fact Sheet, 2013) How Fair Work Agreements are made To start with Fair Work Australia Act 2009 offers the employers and employees with a general overview to guide them on how the system should look like, tis framework guides the employees and the employers in ensuring that they enter into agreements in good faith. From there the parties engage in a bargaining process for the proposed enterprise agreement. The employer should alert his employees of the right they have to be represented in the bargaining agreement process by a representative within 14 days after the agreement notice has been released, such notice is passed to all the companys current workers who are intended to be covered by the agreement (Hall, 2006, pp. 291-303) Steps in Making and Approval of the Agreement According to (Cooper, 2009, pp. 261-274) negotiating and approving of an enterprise agreement involves a number of steps. These steps are as follows; Boot analysis: this involved assessing the their pay rates and working conditions in the Enterprise Bargaining Agreement for all employees and ensuring that when compared with the modern award they all satisfy the Better Off Overall Test (BOOT). Preparation of the Enterprise Bargaining Agreement to be forwarded to the workers. Within a period of 14 days a formal notice should be given to the employees to inform them of the employers intentions to enter into a bargaining process, any employeesunion involved is notified as well. After notice has been presented to the employees bargaining meetings arranged and conducted during which EBA amendments are made. Employees then take part on a voting exercise to vote for the agreement for the EAB to be approved it requires majority agreement from the employees. After a successful voting the EAB should be lodged with the Fair Work the EAB should be lodged with FWC. Responding to FWC request, to either add, remove some parts of the agreement which fails to bide with FWC requirements. The final stage is the FWCs agreement approval. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Enterprise Bargaining Process EAB is advantageous and a strong tool to use as it gives a choice of simpler system to remunerate the employees as compared to that of the modern awards, it as well acts as an employment contract because the employer is only required to give a copy of the EAB to a new employer. Negotiations between employer and employees helps is setting up an agreement that is favorable conditions for both. EAB offers all employees under it to team up and collectively bargain on their needs. However, the weak side of the Agreement is it time and resources consumingnature, to be approved lots of costs are incurred, there are also tight timeframes that should be adhered to avoid rejection by FWC (Sheldon, 2008, pp. 235-248) In conclusion even though the process of collective bargaining is expensive and time consuming to make its an important tool that benefits both the employer an employee, especially to an employer who manages his business activities efficiently without so many uncertainties of meeting or failing to meet the legal obligations that are applicable to modern awards. References Baird, M. W. S., 2009. Women, Work and Idustrial Relations in 2008. Journal of Industrial Relations, Volume 51, p. 3. Cooper, R. . E. B., 2009. Fair Work and reregulation of Collective Bargaining;. Australian Journal of Labour Law, 22(3), pp. 284-305. Cooper, R., 2009. The New Industrial Relations and International Economics Crisis: Auralia in 2009. Journal of Industrial Relaions, 52(3), pp. 261-274. Hall, R., 2006. Australian Idustrial Relatios in 2005- The WorkChoices Revolution. Journal of Idustrial Relations, June. Sheet, E. B. F., 2013. FairWork, s.l.: Australian Government. Sheldon, P., 2008. What collective bargaining future for Astralia. in J. Riley and P. Sheldon(eds) ed. s.l.:s.n. Taylor, J., 2009. Unions welcome new Fair Work Act, s.l.: s.n. Westacott, J., 2017. Enterprise bargaining on blink of faiure. 1 February.